While much progress has been made to improve accountability, raise awareness about how corruption happens and change norms and perceptions, we still have a long way to go to learn from these scandals and fight corruption effectively. Conflicts of interest at the Supreme Court are nothing new. The constitutional provision refers to interprovincial works and undertakings more generally and that was pretty clearly affirmed at both levels of court: five judges of the Court of Appeal and a unanimous Supreme Court of Canada endorsement. This means there is no ambiguity that jurisdiction lies with the federal government for these projects, he says. is unlikely to cease-trade a transaction and thereby take the decision to complete the transaction out of the hands of the minority shareholders. There may be penalties for failing . So. Pursuant to a unanimous shareholders agreement, SNC offered a right of first refusal to an indirect subsidiary of the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board but did not offer the ROFR to a subsidiary of Cintra Global S.E., a Spanish infrastructure company, because of an earlier waiver of the ROFR given to SNC in 2002 by Cintra. CR: Can you describe whats at stake here, when hospital executives take positions on corporate boards? RS: Then you could develop a business relationship between the institutions, not a private relationship with a CEO. Ukraines missing millions 7. After the emergence of the respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), many exposure and environmental health scientists promptly recognized the potentially catastrophic public health ramifications . I think it's the only case to say, I'm going to take head on the government's comparison transaction and show you that the tax consequences of that comparison are the same as the tax consequences [of] what I actually did, says Martha MacDonald of Torys LLP in Toronto, who represented the Bank of Montreal before the Tax Court and the Federal Court of Appeal. In October, HBC and the Baker Group, led by Richard Baker, governor and executive chairman of HBC, had announced they had reached an agreement to take the company private at $10.30 per share. And employees are bound through your company's code of conduct to act in the interests of their employer and not for their own personal gain. Learn how your comment data is processed. Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson, David Paterson and Elizabeth Bulbrook, Little Shuswap Lake Indian Band > Arthur M. Grant and Roderick B. McLennan, City of Vancouver > Susan Horne and Kevin Nakanishi, Suncor Energy Inc., Imperial Oil Limited, Husky Oil Operations Limited, Cenovus Energy Inc. and Canadian Natural Resources Limited > Catherine Beagan Flood and Laura Cundari, Beecher Bay First Nation, Songhees Nation and TSou-ke Nation > Robert Janes, Q.C., and Aria Laskin, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers > Lawson Lundell LLP > Brad Armstrong, Q.C., Keith B. Bergner and Toby Kruger. Its a significant decision because of the parties who were involved and the assets at stake and the nature of the relationship between them, he, t does speak to the more supervisory as opposed to active investment by pension plans in Canada, in very general terms.. The sign up process is quick & simple, the platform is easy-to-use, and you can get started right away. Consulting on the Side A Case Study A public agency CEO has a side consulting business that may create a conflict of interest. Conflict of Interestthe revolving door turns both ways. The Paradise Papers shows how corporations use these havens to reduce their taxes drastically, and in some cases, commit crimes. The level of deference afforded to first-instance judges is very high. Relevant page: The Best Commercial Arbitration Lawyers in Ontario, This is an important decision that protects the process of arbitration but gives guidance concerning a very specific area of consumer protection, Brian Casey, an arbitrator and principal of Bay Street Chambers in Toronto, told Canadian Lawyer after the decision was released. One of your jobs is to plan and manage the children's events. In Uber Technologies Inc. v. Heller, 2020 SCC 16, issued on 26 June 2020, a majority of the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) invalidated the arbitration agreement between Uber and drivers who subscribe to Uber's ride or delivery-origination software. If the name Grtel doesnt sound very Spanish to you, thats no coincidence: its the German translation of the surname of the businessman at the heart of the scandal, Francisco Correa, meaning belt in English. The Arbitration Act provides that parties to an arbitration agreement are going to have to arbitrate, period.. The Federal Court upheld the Registrar's decision on the standard of correctness, both the Federal Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court sided with Vavilov on the standard of reasonableness. Using nominees as frontmen in a complex web of shell companies from Vienna to London to Lichtenstein, Yanukovych allegedly concealed his involvement while syphoning off Ukrainian public funds for personal benefit. Unfortunately, employees arent always able to recognize or know how to deal with conflicts of interest at work. The ministers view was that the foreign exchange loss would have been reduced by past dividend payments from the same corporation if a specific stop-loss rule had applied. To provide employees with sufficient conflict of interest policy examples and teach them what to do when a situation arises, there are several different strategies you can use: Your company should have a code of conduct or employee handbook conflict of interest policy that addresses ethical situations an employee might come across. RS: The CEO of a hospital is essentially a CEO of a not-for-profit. Journalism and Media Ethics Resources. The appellate decision provided clarification on the issue of abuse of process and its application, highlighting the difference between an attempt to re-litigate and an argument that could not and had not been previously raised. corporations can be held potentially liable for breaching these norms of customary international law, which are adopted into Canadian law and form part of our common law, rom the plaintiffs side, its a very significant step forward toward corporate accountability for overseas conduct. Read more. Ethics case study focused on conflicts of interest and ethnicity in city government and development. The court nevertheless denied plaintiffs . But a new study finds turning to industry partners taints perceptions of university research, and including other kinds of partners doesnt really help. Confidence in the Supreme Court is declining but there is no easy way to oversee justices and theirpolitics, Clarence Thomas and his wifes text messages highlight missing ethics rules at the SupremeCourt, University of Florida bans professors from giving expert testimony against state a scholar explains the academic freedomissues, U.S. election results may suggest ethics no longer matter just like inCanada, Medical research is broken: heres how we can fixit. wines. Three years after these tragic events, a Ukrainian court found Yanukovych guilty of high treason and sentenced him to 13 years in prison in absentia. Under the Companies Creditors Arrangement Act regime, Callidus put forward a plan of arrangement in which Bluberi relinquished the right to sue Callidus. Most notably, he is accused of having used public funds to monitor the phone calls of more than 150 people, including politicians and journalists.A Panamanian court recently cleared him of all charges, after disallowing the evidence presented by prosecutors on a technicality. Its a very high threshold to demonstrate unconscionability, and the court spent a lot of time giving greater credence to that concept., Uber Technologies Inc., Uber Canada, Inc., Uber B.V. and Rasier Operations B.V. > Torys LLP > Linda M. Plumpton, Lisa Talbot and Sarah Whitmore, David Heller > Wright Henry LLP and Samfiru Tumarkin LLP > Michael Wright, Lior Samfiru and Danielle Stampley, Attorney General of Ontario > Christopher P. Thompson and Paul Sheridan, Young Canadian Arbitration Practitioners > Perley-Robertson, Hill & McDougall LLP > John Siwiec, Arbitration Place > Borden Ladner Gervais LLP > Robert Deane and Craig Chiasson, Don Valley Community Legal Services > Monkhouse Law > Alexandra Monkhouse and Andrew Monkhouse, Canadian Federation of Independent Business > Anthony Daimsis, Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic > Marina Pavlovic and Johann Kwan, Income Security Advocacy Centre and Parkdale Community Legal Services > Nabila F. Qureshi and Karin Baqi, United Food and Commercial Workers Canada > Goldblatt Partners LLP > Steven Barrett and Joshua Mandryk, Workers Health and Safety Legal Clinic > Kevin Simms and John Bartolomeo, Montreal Economic Institute > Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP > Robert Carson and Lauren Harper, Canadian American Bar Association > Caza Saikaley > Alyssa Tomkins and James Plotkin, Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (Canada) Inc. and Toronto Commercial Arbitration Society > Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP > Joseph C. McArthur and Rahat Godil, Canadian Chamber of Commerce > Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP > Matthew Milne-Smith and Chantelle Cseh, International Chamber of Commerce > Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP > Andres C. Garin and Alison FitzGerald, Consumers Council of Canada > Sotos LLP > Mohsen Seddigh and David Sterns, Community Legal Assistance Society > Allen/McMillan Litigation Counsel > Wes McMillan and Greg J. Allen, ADR Chambers Inc. > Bennett Jones LLP > Andrew D. Little and Ranjan K. Agarwal, Nevsun Resources Ltd. v. Araya (SCC, BCCA). The victims and the prosecution have stated their intention to appeal the verdict. The US$3 billion slush fund used four British shell companies with accounts in Denmarks biggest bank to pay bribes, launder money and buy luxury goods. Members of the task force need to make any industry links or potential conflicts of interest publicly clear. hedge fund entities by Catalyst Capital Group. Loeffler recuses herself from Agriculture panel, distancing herself from stocks issue. The. . In 2016, when a deputy minister went public about the US$45 million that the Gupta family offered him to fire treasury officials, the Guptas fled the country. He alleged a breach of the Competition Act, the tort of civil conspiracy, the unlawful means tort, unjust enrichment and waiver of tort. Petrie-Flom Center at Harvard Law School The other is, do I have conflicts with the integrity of research and patient care? Perception and your standing as an institution is a lot in a community. I think thats made an impact in terms of the level of disclosure you're now seeing circulars for conflicted transactions. It had strong connections with two of Lebanons prime ministers. They alleged that, through a chain of subsidiaries, Nevsun entered into a commercial venture with Eritrea for the development of a gold, copper and zinc mine in Eritrea, and that they were conscripted to work at the mine under Eritreas National Service Program, which all Eritreans must enter at the age of 18 for a period of 18 months, but which may be extended indefinitely. A conflict of interestat work arises when a situation that benefits an employee also affects your company. The register of councillors' interests must be published online by the council. Properly defining conflict of interest in business ethics training, Hiring an unqualified relative to provide services your company needs, Starting a company that provides services similar to your full-time employer, Failing to disclose that youre related to a job candidate the company is considering hiring, Making arrangements to work for a vendor or client at a future date while continuing to do business with them, Posting to social media about your companys weaknesses, Offering paid services on your time off to a company customer or supplier, Working part-time at a company that sells a competing product or service as your full-time employer, Accepting payment from another company for information about your employer, Failing to investigate a subordinate or coworkers wrongdoing because they are a friend, Sharing confidential information about your employer with a competitor, Dating or having a romantic relationship with a supervisor or subordinate, Making a purchase or business choice to boost a business that you have a stake in, Accepting a favor or a gift from a client above the amount specified as acceptable by the company, Owning part of a business that sells goods or services to your employer, Reporting to a supervisor who is also a close friend or family member, Accepting consulting fees and providing advice to another company for personal gain, Sharing information in an interview about your employers activities or plans, Taking advantage of confidential information learned on the job for your own benefit, Cashing in on a business opportunity that your company might have pursued. Myanmars dirty jade business19. Cintra was, not entitled to acquire any of the 407 International shares in the transaction, ppeal in the Court of Appeal for Ontario soon after the decision was released, The decision relates to a significant ownership stake of a large infrastructure project in Ontario. These companies channelled at least US$26 billion between 2006 and 2013. And youre in a public setting. The greater story coming out of the case is the confirmation and the clarity around the federal role in relation to interprovincial projects, says. You are using an outdated browser. Conflict of interest laws are often not cut and dried. Click here now; youre agreeing to a wide range of conditions that you may or may not have read or understand. These contracts of adhesion are non-negotiable but lawful contracts, and they are widespread particularly in the consumer context, such as for car rental agreements. We would like to bring to your attention several famous conflicts of interest cases that will show in practice how disastrous the consequences of conflicts of interest of various levels and types are. Competition class actions have become common, says Neil Campbell of McMillan LLP in Toronto, who acted with partner Joan Young in Vancouver for a group of defendants in the case: Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V., Lite-On Technology Corporation and Philips & Lite-On Digital Solutions Corporation. cases in CCAA proceedings rarely make it all the way to the Supreme Court, umbrella purchasers have a claim under the. Once the debtors failed to pay back these loans, corrupt Moldovan judges fined Russian companies and ordered them to transfer funds to accounts in a Moldovan bank. The dispute in the case concerned Quebec-based gaming company Bluberi and the debt it owed creditors, including secured creditor Callidus Capital. This case wasnt about putting a new saddle on an existing racehorse but about breeding a whole new mustang and breaking it in, adds Meehan. special committee should be formed as soon as practicable when conflicts of interest arise for a significant transaction. These actions are seen in . Callidus put forward a new plan, but the supervising judge found the company was acting with improper purpose as it had relinquished its voting opportunity initially and was now attempting to override that result. businessman and representative plaintiff, commenced a proposed class action alleging that Pioneer, Toshiba and other electronics manufacturers had participated in a global, criminal price-fixing cartel that overcharged British Columbians for optical disc drives including CD, DVD and Blu-Ray drives and related products. I think just like the bank-to-bank example, they should consider board positions that are not in the realm of their business, and also that are, in a sense, positive for their community. Read more, Image: Unsplash, Tom Grimbert (@tomgrimbert). the respondent a non-citizen was unreasonable. Fill out this form to see our code of conduct training first hand. Pioneer Corporation, Pioneer North America, Inc., Pioneer Electronics (USA) Inc., Pioneer High Fidelity Taiwan Co., Ltd. and Pioneer Electronics of Canada Inc. > Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP > W. Michael G. Osborne, Brigeeta Richdale and Jessica Lewis, Toshiba Corporation, Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp., Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp. Korea, Toshiba of Canada Ltd. and Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc. > Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP > Laura Cooper, Zohaib Maladwala and Vera Toppings, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Samsung Electronics Canada Inc. and Samsung Electronics America, Inc. > Blake Cassels & Graydon LLP > Robert E. Kwinter and Evangelia (Litsa) Kriaris, Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V., LiteOn IT Corporation of Taiwan, Philips & LiteOn Digital Solutions Corporation, Philips & LiteOn Digital Solutions USA, Inc. and Philips Electronics Ltd. > McMillan LLP > Neil Campbell, Joan Young and Samantha Gordon, Panasonic Corporation, Panasonic Corporation of North America and Panasonic Canada Inc. > Bennett Jones LLP > John F. Rook, Christiaan A. Jordaan and Emrys Davis, BENQ Corporation, BENQ America Corporation and BENQ Canada Corp. > Shapray Cramer Fitterman Lamer LLP > Stephen Fitterman, Neil Godfrey > Camp Fiorante Matthews Mogerman LLP and Siskinds Law Firm > Reidar M. Mogerman, Linda J. Visser, David G.A. The reliability of a new guideline for the management of chronic hepatitis C is questionable, given the financial conflicts of interest documented by its authors. CR: How do you think these conflicts could be better regulated? They involve interpretation by lawyers within the Justice Department and judges. Sometimes dirty money can lead to filthy cities. John Pelissero, senior scholar, government ethics, quoted by San Jose Spotlight. This case was significant for class actions and for limitation periods. So far, the Ukrainian government has recovered just US$1.5 billion. Many times, the situation seems innocent or they dont realize whats happening is against the code of conduct. The 4-week Commercial Court trial is listed to commence in April 2020. A former public works director and city engineer is back at his contractor job. Read more, The indictments on 27 May 2015 of nine current and former Fdration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) officials on charges of racketeering and money-laundering changed the sporting landscape overnight. Some of this money flowed out of the Troika Laundromat and into the global financial system as clean cash. Read more. A conflict of interest involves a person or entity that has two relationships competing with each other for the person's loyalty. Home; Subjects; conflict of interest; conflict of interest. and Panasonic Canada Inc. > Bennett Jones LLP > John F. Rook, Christiaan A. BENQ Corporation, BENQ America Corporation and BENQ Canada Corp. >, , Linda J. Visser, David G.A. These cases range from the CEO's fiduciary duty, the . agreed to refer the constitutionality of its proposed legislation to its Court of Appeal. While oil companies like Shell spend millions greenwashing their image, tens of thousands of people continue to suffer from their pollution and negligence Colin Roche, Friends of the Earth Europe construction projects for the city a conflict of interest? FIFAs football parallel universe 18. Read more, Myanmar is a tragic example of how rich natural resources are often exploited by the corrupt while causing social and environmental disasters that affect ordinary people.In 2015, a report revealed that corrupt military officials, drug lords and their cronies, had been illegally exploiting jade mines in northern Myanmar and smuggling the stones to China.In total, more than US $31 billion in jade stones were extracted in 2014 alone the equivalent of half of Myanmars GDP that same year. v. Canada (Attorney General). , effectively bringing an end to legal challenges to the Trans Mountain Pipeline project. The EC was following a complaint from our national chapter in Czechia, which revealed that one of the Prime Ministers many companies, Agrofert, had received more than US$19 million in EU agricultural subsidies. On that basis, the courts concluded that BMO enjoyed no tax benefit for purposes of the GAAR. . Please go to your inbox and confirm your email address in the email we just sent to you, Subscribe to our weekly newsletter to get the latest news and updates from Transparency International, We're active in over 100 countries. Suddenly a system of rampant, systemic and deep-rooted corruption was brought starkly into global focus.The surprising re-election of FIFA president, Sepp Blatter, who presided over a culture of impunity, exposed just how much football exists in a parallel universe without accountability. What follows is a list of ten of the most significant cases involving in-house counsel and ethical issues. The motion judge dismissed TELUSs motion to stay the proceeding, finding that it was not reasonable to separate matters, i.e., between personal and business customers. At issue in the dual appeal by Bell Canada and the National Football League against a decision of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission was the simultaneous substitution regime that has been standard in Canada, by which U.S. commercials are exchanged for Canadian commercials on U.S. television broadcasts such as the Super Bowl that are aired on Canadian television stations. The court ruled that s. 7(5) of theArbitration Act, 1991(Ontario) does not grant a court discretion to refuse to stay claims that are dealt with in an arbitration agreement. A Personal Conflict of Interest exists when the following elements are all present: A person knowingly participates, personally and substantially, in a . It established a precedent on novel insolvency-related issues, notably by confirming that a creditor acting for an improper purpose may be barred from voting on a CCAA plan of arrangement, and that a third-party litigation funding agreement may be approved as interim financing pursuant to the CCAA. In whats been described as a modern coup, the Gupta family took control of South Africa. The proposed class was a hybrid class consisting of direct purchasers who had purchased the products directly from the manufacturers, indirect purchasers who had bought the products from suppliers and umbrella purchasers who had purchased products that were manufactured and supplied by a nondefendant but which prices may have been risen as a result of the price fixing. . For this reason, all potential conflicts of interest must be properly declared and managed. . the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously dismissed the appeal from the bench. The case reflects the importance of understanding the critical issues around family and business; family business together. As a result, Russian oligarchs and politicians secretly acquired shares in state-owned companies, bought real estate both in Russia and abroad, purchased luxury yachts and hired music superstars for private parties. Countries lose around US$500 billion per year in corporate tax and further billions from individuals. Inthis case and its companion, Toshiba Corporation, et al. Its a very important shift, says Brandon Kain, a partner at McCarthy Ttrault LLP in Toronto who represented Bell Canada and the NFL before the appellate courts, and it radically alters the Canadian administrative law framework in a number of different contexts involving many different boards and tribunals.. And the allegations keep coming. The Minister of National Revenue relied on the GAAR to reassess BMOs 2010 taxation year, reducing BMOs foreign exchange loss while taxing BMO on the offsetting foreign exchange gain. business cases that get litigated very quickly. Canada > Deputy Attorney General of Canada Nathalie G. Drouin, Natalie Goulard, Sara Jahanbakhsh and Marie-France Camir, Bank of Montreal > Torys LLP > Martha MacDonald, Jerald Wortsman and Patrick Reynaud, Bank of Montreal > EY Law LLP > Angelo Nikolakakis. A tax benefit is generally defined as a reduction. In the meantime, South Africas economy struggles and the country continues to face high levels of inequality. Heiltsuk Tribal Council > Lisa C. Fong, Q.C. However, the arbitration clause was determined to be invalid regarding personal customers by virtue of Ontarios Consumer Protection Act. The resolution of conflicts of interest requires a particularly careful approach since the consequences of such situations can be unpredictable. The Federal Court upheld the Registrar's decision on the standard of correctness, but both the Federal Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court sided with Vavilov on the standard of reasonableness. The greater story coming out of the case is the confirmation and the clarity around the federal role in relation to interprovincial projects, says Keith Bergner of Lawson Lundell LLP in Vancouver, who was on the legal team for the intervener Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. said that provincial environmental legislation had long affected aspects of federal undertakings without serious challenge, that the heads of power set out in ss. . The ruling concludes that, as a pension plan, OMERS was not a competitor, the nature of its investments is not the same and it does not trigger the carveout of the waiver. Neil Godfrey, a B.C. Shortly after VWM's commencement of trading through the account, its investments peaked at $2.5bn, quickly followed by losses of $22m. The hospital is planning an open house for a new children's center that will include field trips for students at a nearby grade school. There are several strategies you can use, including business standards, business ethics training, and formal reporting procedures. The test is a low threshold for the government, and taxpayers often concede or lose the issue. B.C. This new horse will be ridden by every judge as to the standard of review and by every administrative decision-maker on how to avoid being overturned or bucked off at the Supreme Court., For Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov, 2019 SCC 65, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration > Attorney General of Canada > Michael H. Morris, Marianne Zori and John Provart, Alexander Vavilov > Jackman Nazami & Associates > Hadayt Nazami, Barbara Jackman and Sujith Xavier, Attorney General of Ontario > Sara Blake and Judie Im, Attorney General of Quebec > Stphane Rochette, Attorney General of British Columbia > J. Gareth Morley and Katie Hamilton, Attorney General of Saskatchewan > Kyle McCreary and Johnna Van Parys, Canadian Council for Refugees > Law Office of Jamie Liew > Jamie Liew, Advocacy Centre for Tenants Ontario - Tenant Duty Counsel Program > Karen Andrews, Ontario Securities Commission, British Columbia Securities Commission and Alberta Securities Commission > Matthew Britton and Jennifer M. Lynch, Ecojustice Canada Society > Laura Bowman and Bronwyn Roe, Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal (Ontario), Workers Compensation Appeals Tribunal (Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Workers Compensation Appeals Tribunal (Nova Scotia), Appeals Commission for Alberta Workers Compensation and Workers Compensation Appeals Tribunal (New Brunswick) > David Corbett and Michelle Alton, British Columbia International Commercial Arbitration Centre Foundation > Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP > Gavin R. Cameron and Tom Posyniak, Council of Canadian Administrative Tribunals > Lax OSullivan Lisus Gottlieb LLP > Terrence J. OSullivan and Paul Michell, National Academy of Arbitrators, Ontario LabourManagement Arbitrators Association and Confrence des arbitres du Qubec > Paliare Roland Rosenberg Rothstein LLP and Rae Christen Jeffries LLP > Susan L. Stewart, Linda R. Rothstein, Michael Fenrick, Angela E. Rae and Anne Marie Heenan, Canadian Labour Congress > Goldblatt Partners LLP > Steven Barrett. And our first case actually, the first three were judged by the Supreme Court of Canada as its most important decision(s) of 2019. The suit claimed that Ubers drivers are employees rather than independent contractors, and they should, therefore, be entitled to benefits under the Employment Standards Act in Ontario. the Bank of Montreal before the Tax Court and the Federal Court of Appeal. Coldwater First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General), 2020 FCA 34, Application for Leave to appeal to the SCC denied, 2020 CanLII 43130 (SCC): The Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion was opposed by a number of First Nations. Joel Lexchin, University of Toronto; Barbara Mintzes, University of Sydney; Lisa Bero, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Marc-Andre Gagnon, Carleton University, and Quinn Grundy, University of Toronto, Kelly E Lloyd, University of Leeds and Stephen Bradley, University of Leeds, Joel Lexchin, University of Toronto and Lisa A Cosgrove, UMass Boston, David R. Johnson, University of Nevada, Reno, Ray Moynihan, Bond University and Rita Horvath, UNSW Sydney, John C. Besley, Michigan State University; Aaron M. McCright, Michigan State University; Joseph D. Martin, University of Leeds; Kevin Elliott, Michigan State University, and Nagwan Zahry, Michigan State University, Elizabeth C. Tippett, University of Oregon, George Rennie, The University of Melbourne, Professor Emeritus of Health Policy and Management, York University, Canada, Associate Professor of Law, University of Oregon, Emeritus Professor in Public Health, University of Sydney, Professor and Director of Doherty Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Lecturer in Politics, The University of Melbourne, Ellis N. Brandt Professor of Public Relations, Michigan State University, Associate Professor of Communications, Penn State, Professor of English, Arizona State University, Associate professor, School of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Florida, Professor of Sociology, Michigan State University, Professor in Lyman Briggs College, Fisheries & Wildlife, and Philosophy, Michigan State University, PhD Student in Media and Information Studies, Michigan State University. 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