advantages and disadvantages of manila galleon tradeadvantages and disadvantages of manila galleon trade

Maritime archaeologist Bobby Orillaneda from the National Museum of the Philippines argues, the arrival of the Europeans in Southeast Asia created new market opportunities and reoriented maritime network circuits as the region accommodated the new players (Orillaneda 2014:2). Findings Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. 2014 Disaster in the High Seas: The Spanish Expeditions in the Pacific in the Sixteenth Century. Exchanges of Goods, plants and culture8. 2012 Manilamen and Seafaring: Engaging the Maritime World Beyond the Spanish Realm. Cartwright, M. (2021, October 29). Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Advantages: The galleons brought Mexican silver, merchandise, and useful plants to the Philippines as well as other influences from Mexico and Spain. For example, the rope made from Mexico did not last long that by the time it reached Asia, it was already disintegrating (Peterson 2014:219). In addition, Mexico had a shortage of people to build and sail the ships (Peterson 2014:148-150). Author: Adriana Hyun, Yale University We have to remember history, including both the bright side and the dark side. Even though the war didn't last long, it had a major impact. In Asia, there was a trans-Pacific trade network between China, Japan, the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Robert R. Reed, Colonial Manila: The Context of Hispanic Urbanism and Process of Morphogenesis (1978). The Manila galleons of the Spanish Empire had certainly played their part in transporting goods and ideas from one culture to another and had even been responsible for the significant movement of populations, whether it be Peruvian traders to Mexico or Chinese manufacturers to Manila. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. World History Encyclopedia. The trade generated revenue needed by the government. A conservative estimate for the total quantity of silver shipped from Mexico to Manila throughout the 17th century is 55 metric tons. The Galleon Trade is referring to trading ships that sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the following places:Manila (Philippines)AcapulcoNew Spain (Mexico) What is a Spanish galleon trade? . They seized and raided galleons and Chinese junks, attacked shipyards, and imposed embargos in Philippine and Chinese ports, all in an attempt to hinder Spanish trade (Min 2014:52). The carrack Great Santa Ana was on its way from Manila and was loaded with 22,000 gold pesos and 600 tons of precious silks and spices. The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. The Manila Galleon. However, native workers were underpaid or not paid at all (Peterson 2014:203). Many Chinese became very wealthy through hard work. The natives traded beeswax, pearls, tortoise shells, betel nuts, local fabrics and printed textiles (Min 2014:46). However, there was a lack of sources from the Filipino perspective. Between the sixteenth and eighteenth century, Spain emerged as a dominant trading empire with the establishment of the Manila Galleon Trade. The elevated superstructures at the stern and bow of a galleon provided marksmen with an excellent platform above an enemy ship. Disease was not the only cause of death. Conditions were so bad in the shipbuilding industry that being sent to the shipyard was a form of punishment. 2014 Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia During the Early Colonial Period. Theme presented at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hong Kong. Merchants in Spain found that inexpensive, high-quality merchandise from Asia competed too successfully with Spanish exports to America, and argued for severe restrictions on the volume of the tradeover the loud complaints of Mexican and Philippines advocates. THE Manila Galleon Trade lasted for 250 years and ended in 1815 with Mexico's war of independence. Manila became the first and biggest permanent overseas chinese settlement in the late16th century.5. While each government determines the duties and taxes differently, it is typically calculated on the value of the products sent (item, insurance plus shipping). Explanation: Only advantage I think is the Spanish ocean-going ships connected the Philippine Islands to the trade of the Spanish Empire, Mexico, Peru, Europe and China. They made good sailors because they were agile, and learned sailing and navigation onboard quickly (Girldez 2015:140). All rights reserved. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 29 October 2021. Rogers had tried to take the galleon's larger companion ship, the Begoa, a few days later, but his four ships, firing over 500 cannon shots, were still not enough to prevent the Begoa's escape. By royal decree from King Charles III, the company was established to encourage trade between the Americas, Spain and the Philippines (Fisher 2011:476; Girldez 2015:188-190). In Mexico, the infusion of Chinese goods and art forms into Hispanic and Native American material culture remains visible today. ." Other products shipped aboard the galleons were brought from India (cottons and other fabrics); Japan (lacquerware and screens); the islands of the Indonesian archipelago (aromatic substances, pepper, cloves, nutmegs, mace); Indochina (gemstones and hard woods); and the Philippine Islands themselves (cinnamon, coconut products, beeswax, and fabrics). During the heyday of the galleon trade, Manila became one of the world's great ports, serving as a focus for trade between China and Europe. The absence of presenters from the National Museum of the Philippines limited the ability to disseminate information about archaeological sites and objects involved in the Manila Galleon trade. They were the sole means of communication between Spain and its Philippine colony and served as an economic lifeline for the Spaniards in Manila. This trade route linked America with Asia, and more particularly, the Viceroyalty of New Spain with its farthest province, the Philippine Islands. Johanna Hecht The trade generated revenue needed by the government. The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Spain also sent priests and clergies to Christianize, educate and consolidate the natives (Girldez 2015:75-79). . Ming porcelain was already highly collectible and much sought-after by Europe's aristocracy, so much so, Chinese potters began to produce designs which were most popular in that market. Indios were conscripted to work as part of the polo y servicios, a system where they had to work for the Spanish for a fixed amount of time per year (Peterson 2014:7-8; Girldez 2015:80). Though Chinese silk was by far the most important cargo, other exotic goods, such as perfumes, porcelain, cotton fabric (from India), and precious stones, were also transshipped via the galleon. The trade generated revenue needed by the government. However, one of the disadvantages of international trade is that most of these destination countries' customs agencies charge extra fees on items shipped to them. two-century old Manila-Acapulco galleon trade (since 1572) supervised by the rel consulad.5 Historical records show that the galleon trade is one of the major economic policies which made the Spanish experience unique. In late fifteenth century, Spain began its reach into the global trade network. To make matters worse, the Indios were cheated out of their wages. Even after Mexico gained independence, Mexico and the Philippines still interacted with one another. While authors such as Peterson and Girldez give more credit to the Philippines as a key player in the Spanish empire, there is still much to learn from the Manila Galleon trade in the Philippines. It connected Asia with Mexico and with Europe. Life onboard a Manila galleon was less than ideal. Thank you for your help! By the twentieth century, they were recruited into the United States Navy (Aguilar 2012:384). Another nation that invaded the Philippines was Britain between 1762 and 1764 (Fisher 2011:466). Members of the principala class included datus, also known as the cabezas de barangay, who were the leaders of indigenous communities(Peterson 2014:25). It was far more likely to be sunk by storm, reef, or accidental fire than an enemy attack. They then crossed Mexico overland for shipment to Spain. Poor treatment in working conditions and lack of pay led many natives to desert or revolt (Girldez 2015:140). World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. In 1527, Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron attempted the voyage with better provisions and more favorable winds. What is galleon trade Philippines? In addition, there was a lack of hygienic practices, so the combination of poor diets, overcrowding and limited health treatments meant that the galleons were a breeding ground for infestations, diseases, and death (Luque-Talavn 2014:4; Girldez 2015:134). Spanish GalleonRadraS-Sardar (CC BY-NC-SA). The system was a critical means of supporting the Spanish colonywhen food was scare and/or too expensive (Peterson 2014:205). We care about our planet! Yes with access to limitless New World silver. Spain was uniquely well prepared to conduct this commerce because of the convenient geographical location of Manila and America's large supply of silver. Despite obstacles to further research and share information regarding the Manila Galleon trade, it is crucial for scholars and the general audience to learn more about the contributions of the Philippines to the Spanish empire. News of a thriving trans-Pacific trade network reached Spain. From Manila, the Spanish traded goods such as silk, silver, metals, porcelain, and spices with China, Japan and Southeast Asia. The fertile areas surrounding Manila were able to produce a surplus of important agricultural products, such as rice, to feed many people in the region (Peterson 2014:94). May 13, 1998. Onboard ships, they were also used for naval engagements against enemies such as the Dutch and the Muslims, or Moros, who were often raiding and attacking Spanish galleons at sea. THE Manila Galleon Trade lasted for 250 years and ended in 1815 with Mexicos war of independence. Their expeditions could last up to three months, where they worked for long hours, had little time to rest or eat, had little shelter, and were exposed to the sun and the wind (Peterson 2014:203). He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. The tributes constituted the largest sources of income to the Spanish empire, which meant that the natives funded the Manila Galleon trade for the most part (Girldez 2015:79). coast colony command consisted construction continued crew members customs deck Dutch enemy established fact Filipinos fire fleet galleon galleon trade governor guns hold House important included individuals interested involved islands journey king known land living located . For example, by 1660, Spain owed the Indios in Pampanga 220,000 pesos (Peterson 2014:205). The journey was much easier in this direction and took about three to four months. The abuses imposed on the natives were so harmful that many royal edicts were issued to a call for more humane treatment (Peterson 2014:193). When the galleons finally hit land in what is today Oregon or California, they then worked their way south following the coast, although not too closely since the indigenous peoples were extremely hostile to any interlopers in their territory. The natives were familiar with the waters in the region, and knew the best resources and techniques to build ships and sail them (Stead 2014). The Tobacco Monopoly With the opening of the Suez Canal, the Galleon Trade between Acapulco and Manila began to decline, and the country could no longer depend on the silver of Mexico and Peru to take care of salaries and projects. Companies can expand their target market. With the tributes and vandala systems, Indios funded and supported the Manila Galleon trade. 183-222. The lack of materials meant that Spain had to import goods to Mexico from other areas, which was costly and dangerous (Peterson 2014:149). There were exotic spices like cinnamon, clove, mace, and pepper, and perfumes like musk. There was a lack of food and drinking water to sustain the people (Peterson 2014:181-182). Advantages of international trade include: Growth - expanding to new international markets allows businesses to grow more easily and quickly, either providing them with cheaper materials or. Manila Bay is also the outlet for esteros, refuse from Informal settlers, and untreated sewage from business establishments. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Manila-galleon, NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory - Manila Galleon Voyages, World History Encyclopedia - Manila Galleon. Galleon of China: flagship of trade over two centuries. What are the advantages of Galleon trade? The galleon trade had a negative effect on economic development in the Philippines, since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods. The Manila Galleon Trade Route was an economically powerful system of linking Spain with the commodities of Asia via Mexico. For example, 1 oz of gold bought 11 oz of silver in Amsterdam while the same silver in China could be re-exchanged for 2 oz of gold. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Spanish Realm easier in this direction and took about three to four.! Was less than ideal a dominant trading empire with the tributes and vandala systems, Indios funded and the... Accidental fire than an enemy ship on producing more free History content for the Spaniards in Manila, or fire. And 1764 ( Fisher 2011:466 ) ports of Manila to all countries Mexico! 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