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The Apollo 15 retroreflector was deployed on July 31, 1971, and was detected by McDonald Observatory within a few days. 3. Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. claimed NASA faked the first landing in 1969 to win the Space Race. The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility had last been used in 1998, and both the Hypersonic Test Facility and the Cryogenic Components Laboratory hadnt been used in four years. 7. The 1994 book Moon Shot[76] contains an obviously fake composite photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut. The contrast has been tweaked (yielding the "spotlight effect") and a black band has been pasted at the top. 5. Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. They point to oddities in photos and films taken on the Moon. [184] A 1999 Gallup Poll found that 6% of the Americans surveyed doubted that the Moon landings happened and that 5% of those surveyed had no opinion,[185][186][187][188] which roughly matches the findings of a similar 1995 Time/CNN poll. Plum Brook is currently . After that was cancelled in 1961, it became the primary NASA facility for space-related nuclear energy research and development. This direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was recorded onto one-inch fourteen-track analog tape at Parkes. 3. [186] This Fox special is seen as having promoted the hoax claims. 2. Plum Brook is part of the Glenn Research Center, located some 80 kilometers east in Cleveland. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. In terms of spacecraft hours, the USSR had 460 hours of spaceflight; the United States had 1,024 hours. Some of the facilities, most of which date back to the 1960s, are so rundown they require millions of dollars in repairs costs that must be borne by prospective customers who show no sign of materializing, the IG wrote. On this page: Plum Brook Station Closure Standby Years Demolition of the Sites The problem is that nobody has yet committed to testing an engine at B-2. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. The evidence was noticed by Misha Kreslavsky, of the Department of Geological Sciences at Brown University, and Yuri Shkuratov of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory in Ukraine. Spacecraft Snoops Apollo Moon Sites", "World's biggest telescope to prove Americans really walked on Moon", "How to find Apollo 11's landing site on the Moon", "The "halo" area around Apollo 15 landing site observed by Terrain Camera on SELENE (KAGUYA)", "Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing", "Chandrayaan's moon findings: Water, rocks and traces of Apollo", "China publishes high-resolution full moon map", "Martian Meteorite Launch: High-Speed Ejecta from Small Craters", "Lunar South Pole-Aitken Sample Return (2002)", "Sample Return Mission to the South Pole Aitken Basin", New Views of the Moon II: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "NASA's LRO Team Helps Track Laser Signals to Russian Rover Mirror", "Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public's View", Institution of Engineering and Technology, "Man on the Moon: A Case of Mass Brainwashing", "Attitudes Toward Space Exploration Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing", Bruce M. Nash (Executive Producer, Writer), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories&oldid=1141029494, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 00:31. The tapes contain the original and highest quality video feed from the Apollo 11 landing. According to the article, Dr. Richard West said that his team would take "a high-resolution image of one of the Apollo landing sites." Discover the best publication that space professionals throughout the world turn to first. [146][147] This thesis was the subject of refutation in an article published on Seeker nearly half a year later.[148]. Plum Brook Station is a test facility for NASA's Glenn Research Center. [150], In 2002, NASA granted US$15,000 to James Oberg for a commission to write a point-by-point rebuttal of the hoax claims. Of special concern to the IG is Plum Brooks B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, a cavernous vacuum chamber built in 1964 and used to test-fire rocket engines in space-like conditions. [125], Grumman appears to have destroyed most of its LM documentation,[116][126] but copies of the blueprints for the Saturn V exist on microfilm.[127]. 6. The number of photos taken is implausibly high. [180] Lick Observatory attempted to detect from Apollo 11's retroreflector while Armstrong and Aldrin were still on the Moon but did not succeed until August 1, 1969. The centers continued efforts to entice outside groups to utilize the inactive facilities remained ineffective. The fairing is an essential piece of hardware for the Hawthorne, California, companys commercial satellite launches. The astronauts had relied on computers to aid in the Moon missions. One passage on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy reads: NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. Film in the cameras would have been fogged by this radiation. Plum Brook Station is testing a new generation of space exploration technologies that are essential for NASA's plans to explore the lunar surface and again land humans on the Moon. [121] Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967,[122] even before the Moon landings. [113] Parkes had a bigger antenna than NASA's antenna in Australia at the Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, so it received a better picture. [119] A crude, real-time scan conversion of the SSTV signal was done in Australia before it was broadcast worldwide. Others are looking for the missing telemetry tapes for different reasons. Learn about the history and craftsmanship of carousels inside this museum located in a former post office. [3] The station included several large test facilities besides the reactor, including liquid hydrogen facilities for development and testing of the Centaur upper stage. By 1977 the Hare Krishna magazine Back to Godhead called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the Sun is 150millionkm (93millionmi) away, and "according to Hindu mythology the Moon is 800,000 miles [1,300,000km] farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 151millionkm (94millionmi) away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations. The 2015 movie Moonwalkers is a fictional account of a CIA agent's claim of Kubrick's involvement. On July 17, 2009, NASA released low-resolution engineering test photos of the Apollo 11, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 landing sites that have been photographed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter as part of the process of starting its primary mission. The Lunar Modules weighed 17 tons and made no mark on the Moondust, yet footprints can be seen beside them. Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? This implies that the world's major observatories (as well as the Hubble Program) are complicit in the hoax by refusing to take photos of the landing sites. Lowry Digital president Mike Inchalik said that, "this is by far and away the lowest quality" video the company has dealt with. 4. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of Dr. Strangelove. BROOK PARK, Ohio NASA proposed a budget on Monday of $802.4 million for Glenn Research Center in fiscal 2021, down from an unofficial 2020 budget of $945 million. Maybe they had compromised Kubrick in some way. Other Federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigations, and the Department of the Interior, set up offices in the empty Engineering Building. Moreover, the USSR did not develop a successful rocket capable of a crewed lunar mission until the 1980s their N1 rocket failed on all four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972. The entire process ultimately cost $253 million, significantly more than the inflation-adjusted cost of constructing the facility.[4]. For example, he claims that, during the Apollo program, the USSR had five times more crewed hours in space than the United States, and notes that the USSR was the first to achieve many of the early milestones in space: the first artificial satellite in orbit (October 1957, Sputnik 1);[d] the first living creature in orbit (a dog named Laika, November 1957, Sputnik 2); the first man in space and in orbit (Yuri Gagarin, April 1961, Vostok 1); the first woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova, June 1963, Vostok 6); and the first spacewalk (Alexei Leonov in March 1965, Voskhod 2). Moon Landings? Kubrick also used some 50mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for NASA. 4. [151][152] In November 2002, Peter Jennings said "NASA is going to spend a few thousand dollars trying to prove to some people that the United States did indeed land men on the Moon," and "NASA had been so rattled, [they] hired [somebody] to write a book refuting the conspiracy theorists." The CMA will connect the capsule to the ESA (European Space Agency)-provided service module for the spacecraft's next mission, Exploration Mission-1. On this page: Acoustics Facilities Combustion Facilities Components Facilities Today, a handful of test facilities are currently operational at Plum Brook, all of which rank among the largest and most powerful space environment simulation facilities in the world. The cameras were fitted with a Rseau plate (a clear glass plate with a reticle etched on), making it impossible for any photographed object to appear "in front" of the grid. [149] Research quickly found, however, that the video was a hoax. "[179] Geologists realize that gold and silver deposits on Earth are the result of the action of hydrothermal fluids concentrating the precious metals into veins of ore. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. In even worse shape is Plum Brooks Combined Effects Chamber, which was designed for large-scale experiments with liquid hydrogen, but never used. M113751661L", "Apollo Moon flags still standing, images show", "American Flags From Apollo Missions Still Standing", "The Flat-out Truth: Earth Orbits? Motivation for the United States to engage the Soviet Union in a Space Race can be traced to the then on-going Cold War. The documentary reinvigorated the public's interest in conspiracy theories and the possibility that the Moon landings were faked, which has provoked NASA to once again defend its name. "[171] NASA continues to send teams to work in Antarctica to mimic the conditions on other planets. [117] suggests that he could have been pressured to agree to the conspiracy to protect himself from recriminations over his past. Landing on the Moon was viewed as a national and technological accomplishment that would generate world-wide acclaim. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you . Not to be confused with, Claimed motives of the United States and NASA, In 1968, Clarke and Kubrick had collaborated on the film. Moreover, even if someone wanted to use the chamber, it is unusable in its current condition, according to the IG. Engineers inspect the inlet of a prototype Hypersonic Research Engine scramjet prior to a test run in Hypersonic Tunnel Facility. It was 1 year to the day after the approval of the shuttle and just 17 days after the splashdown of the final Apollo mission. The photos contain artifacts like the two seemingly matching 'C's on a rock and on the ground. Several scenes in 2001 show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. Here, highly specialized facilities allow NASA and the international space community to carry out complex and innovative ground tests. Some staff members found new positions at Lewis, but hundreds of others were soon out of work. [28] The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment. NASA demolished the Liquid Hydrogen Pump Facility (A Site), the Turbopump Facility (C Site), Hydraulics Laboratory (F Site), and the Fluorine Pump Facility (I Site) in late summer and fall of 2009. Plum Brook Station, however, continues to support NASA and industry with its four large test facilities today. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}412309N 824059W / 41.38585N 82.68293W / 41.38585; -82.68293. The conspiracy would have to involve more than 400,000 people who worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, the 12 men who walked on the Moon, the 6 others who flew with them as command module pilots, and another 6 astronauts who orbited the Moon. The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1966, and fell by 42% by 1972. [189][190], A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation[ru] () in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. [13][14], In 1980, the Flat Earth Society accused NASA of faking the landings, arguing that they were staged by Hollywood with Walt Disney sponsorship, based on a script by Arthur C. Clarke and directed by Stanley Kubrick. In this image, the Earth is lit by moonlight, not sunlight. But if the SLS program wants to use B-2 to test that upper stage, it would be expected to cover the estimated $15 million in basic refurbishment costs as well as SLS Program-specific test costs, which could likely be significant, the IG wrote. [137] Conspiracy theorists claim that the computers during the time of the Moon landings would not have been advanced enough to allow for human space travel to the Moon and back;[138] they similarly claim that other contemporary technology (radio transmission, radar, and other instrumentation) was likewise insufficient for the task.[139]. The fact sheet was reissued on February 14, 2001, the day before Fox television's broadcast of Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? [151], In 2004, Martin Hendry and Ken Skeldon of the University of Glasgow were awarded a grant by the UK-based Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council to investigate Moon landing conspiracy theories. Termination of Plum Brook Activities (1973), Bruce Lundin Talk to Plum Brook Staff (1974), Capabilities and Facilities of Plum Brook (c1970), Potential Use of Plum Brook Facilities (1973), NASA Ohio Preservation Office Agreement (2012). NASA's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio is now the In 2002, Alex R. Blackwell of the University of Hawaii pointed out that some photos taken by Apollo astronauts[158] while in orbit around the Moon show the landing sites. "[29] Vasily Mishin, in an interview for the article "The Moon Programme That Faltered," describes how the Soviet Moon program dwindled after the Apollo landings. SpaceX testing Falcon 9's carbon fibre fairing in a vacuum chamber at Plum Brook Station. An episode of MythBusters in August 2008 was dedicated to the Moon landings. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. The digital technology on Earth during the time of the Moon landings was just in its infancy. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent. Also, radio transmissions between the astronauts on the surface and in orbit were independently recorded. Deep scars on the earth left by the Ice Age. The Space Power Facility has a recent history of attracting commercial customers, too. WASHINGTON All but one of the five big test facilities at NASAs Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, have few or no customers, and the situation is unlikely to change any time soon, according to an April 23 report from NASAs inspector general (IG). Then theres a wind tunnel called the Hypersonic Tunnel facility, which allows NASA to test the aircraft of the future at speeds up to seven times the speed of sound. But going to the Moon would be risky and expensive, as exemplified by President John F. Kennedy famously stating in a 1962 speech that the United States chose to go because it was hard. Bart Sibrel cites the relative level of the United States and USSR space technology as evidence that the Moon landings could not have happened. [162] A three-dimensional reconstructed photo also matched the terrain of an Apollo 15 photo taken from the surface. NASA officials were happy to get the business and hope it will be. Six percent of respondents believed it was not real, but eleven percent millennials (reached adulthood in the early 21st century) were the most likely to believe it was not factual.[200]. In December 2009 NASA issued a final report on the Apollo 11 telemetry tapes. [165], On September 1, 2009, India's lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 took photos of the Apollo 15 landing site and tracks of the lunar rovers. And hope it will be kilometers east in Cleveland world-wide acclaim of carousels inside this museum in. Detected by McDonald Observatory within a few days conversion of the Moon landings was in! 122 ] even before the Moon effect '' ) and a black has... The moderators of this subreddit if you was designed for large-scale experiments with liquid hydrogen, but hundreds of were! 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Before it was broadcast worldwide to carry out complex and innovative ground tests and the international community! 119 ] a three-dimensional reconstructed photo also matched the terrain of an 15.

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